Relationship Between Prior And Subsequent Learning...

Relationship to Prior and Subsequent Learning Experiences Students were introduced to expository text in a previous lesson and understand how it differs from narrative text. I used their science textbook to introduce the structure of expository text. The students know that when they are reading expository text, they are reading for information. Since structural components vary based on the text, we will continue to explore the components (cause/effect, compare/contrast, sequence, description, and problem/solution) throughout the rest of the school year. When students possess the necessary skills to identify the main idea, it aids their reading comprehension. Instructional Resources (for Day 1 and Day 2) - Main Idea Video link from WatchKnowLearn.org, brown lunch bags filled with picture cards, copies of the Thomas Edison passage Day 1 Learning Goals: I can identify the main idea of an expository text. I can identify at least three supporting details that support the main idea in expository text. Lesson Plan: Students are seated at their desks in their assigned quads. I am standing at the front of the classroom near the whiteboard. I begin the lesson by sharing the learning goals. Then we review and discuss what we know about expository text and how it differs from narrative text. I use a wait-time/think-time approach for students to raise hands to volunteer to respond. I am also keeping an eye out for the hands of ELL or quiet students who don’t normally respond. IfShow MoreRelatedEssay On Business Continuity Plan1474 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"active/active† disaster recovery site in Rochelle Park, NJ after the first attack on the World Trade Center in 1993 (Parlons Affaires, 2012). In short, this stream calls attention to the potential usefulness of continuity planning in transforming previous experience of tragedy into effective responses to future tragedy. A third stream of literature on terrorism and international business has begun to explore the sources of resilience to attack, and the strategic advantages of developing such resilience. GenerallyRead MoreThe Impact Of Terrorism On International Business1268 Words   |  6 Pagesmeasurement of the dependent variable is the issue and not the conceptual model. Recommendations for practice and theory identified in our research are the firm learning or habituation that may occur between the interaction of organizational preparedness influences as well as the active learning from certain situations and codifying that learning in plans but also practice (to reduce erosion). From a practical perspective, this paper accentuates the heightening safety, economic and psychological implicationsRead MoreHow Development Is The Methodical Changes And Continuities Within The Individual That Occur Between Conception And Death1470 Words   |  6 PagesDevelopment is the methodical changes and continuities in an individual that occur between conception and death (Sigelman, Rider De George-Walker, 2013). There are seven domains of development: physical/biological, psychosocial, cognitive/learning, social, emotional, behavioural and moral/spiritual (AIHW, 2011). Development of these domains occurs in stages, where each stage gives rise to behaviour that is suitable for that stage (Schmidt Neven, 2010). These foreseeable changes are known as milestonesRead MoreThe Root Causes of Sexual Offending: Social Learning Theory1319 Words   |  6 Pagessocial learning theory has been proposed to account for sex offending behaviors. Specifically, the social learning theory, or victim-to-victimizer theory, suggests sexually abused children learn these behaviors and are much more likely to perpetrate abuse when they’re older (Seto Lalumiere, 2010). The following studies have provided substantial support for the social learning etiology. Through the use of a meta-analysis, Seto and Lalumiere (2010) concluded that sexual offending is tied to prior sexualRead MoreCognitive Learning Theory Essays1499 Words   |  6 PagesCognitive Learning Theory Psychology of Learning PSY 331 October 12, 2009 Abstract Cognitive learning theories emerged in the mid-1900s and were a dramatic departure from the behaviorist learning theories so popular at the time. The advent of the computer also contributed to the emergence of cognitive theories of learning because computers provided the first means to metaphorically conceptualize human cognition (Bates, 1999). Cognitive learning theories are based on the assumption thatRead More Theories of Child Development Essay1010 Words   |  5 Pagesbegins to be defined. 2. Preoperational stage (ages 2-7) – Concrete physical stimuli are needed in order for a child to develop new concepts. 3. Concrete operations (ages 7-11) – As a child accumulates experience with the physical world, he/she begins to conceptualize to explain those experiences. Abstract thought is also emerging. 4. Formal operations (beginning at ages 11-15) – Conceptual reasoning is present and the child’s cognitive abilities are similar to an adult’s (Atherton, 2010). Read MoreThe Transactional Theory Of Reading Essay1112 Words   |  5 Pageswith some sort of background knowledge. A students background knowledge will not only have shaped them as an individual but also their learning style and how they perceive new information; we call this schema. According to Canney Winograd (1979), A schema indicates the typical relations among its component parts; comprehending a thing, event, or relationship occurs when a sufficient number of slots in a schema are filled, or instantiated with particular examples of events (p. 2) In other wordsRead MoreUsing Mobile Technology For Farming And Economic Reasons1343 Words   |  6 PagesIndian government then asked why not create mobile learning through the use of cell phones? The Indian farmers were able to use mobile technology to solicit prospective crops sales around the various remote agricultural communities. The authors, Sampangi, Viswanath and Ashish Ray stated that the Indian government was really on to something â€Å"new† with the Indian culture. Does this application not â€Å"go beyond† what the theory claims? This writer contends that –â€Å"If You Build It They Will Come† (KinsellaRead MorePiaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1325 Words   |  6 Pagesall children are born with a basic mental structure. He felt that their mental structure is genetically inherited and their learning evolved from subsequent learning and knowledge. Piaget’s theory is different from other theories and he was the first to study a child’s learning by using a systematic study of cognitive development. His theory was only concerning the learning of children, their development and not how they learn. He proposed stages of development marked more by qualitative differencesRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )960 Words   |  4 Pagesand know how best to respond to patient’s questions and apprehensions regarding the disord er and subsequent interventions. This paper will attempt to summarize significant findings from recent research regarding ADHD and its treatment. What is ADHD? The current definition of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been recently updated in the DSM 5 to more precisely describe the experience of adults with ADHD. (American Psychiatric Association 2013). ADHD is a developmental disorder

Lexical Ambiguity Definition and Examples

Lexical ambiguity is the presence of two or more possible meanings for a single word. Its also called semantic ambiguity or  homonymy. It differs from syntactic ambiguity, which is the presence of two or more possible meanings within a sentence or sequence of words. Lexical ambiguity is sometimes used deliberately to create puns and other types of wordplay. According to the editors of the  MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences, True  lexical ambiguity is  typically distinguished from polysemy (e.g., the N.Y. Times as in this mornings edition of the newspaper versus the company that publishes the newspaper) or from vagueness (e.g., cut as in cut the lawn or cut the cloth), though the boundaries can be fuzzy. Examples and Observations You know, somebody actually complimented me on my driving today. They left a little note on the windscreen; it said, Parking Fine. So that was nice.(English comedian Tim Vine)Do you believe in clubs for young people? someone asked W.C. Fields. Only when kindness fails, replied Fields.(Quoted by Graeme Ritchie in The Linguistic Analysis of Jokes)Donald Ressler: The third guard, hes in the hospital. Berlin cut his hand off.Aram Mojtabai: No, no. Its a lexical ambiguity. He cut his hand off.Elizabeth Keen: Berlin cut off his own hand?(Berlin: Conclusion, The Blacklist, May 12, 2014)Outside of a dog, a book is a mans best friend; inside its too hard to read.(Groucho Marx)The rabbi married my sister.She is looking for a match.The fisherman went to the bank.I have a really nice stepladder. Sadly, I never knew my real ladder.(English comedian Harry Hill) Context [C]ontext is highly relevant to this part of the meaning of utterances. . . . For example, They passed the port at midnight is lexically ambiguous. However, it would normally be clear in a given context which of the two homonyms, port (harbor) or port (kind of fortified wine), is being used—and also which sense of the polysemous verb pass is intended. (John Lyons, Linguistic Semantics: An Introduction) Characteristics The following example, taken from Johnson-Laird (1983), illustrates two important characteristics of lexical ambiguity: The plane banked just before landing, but then the pilot lost control. The strip on the field runs for only the barest of yards and the plane just twisted out of the turn before shooting into the ground. First, that this passage is not particularly difficult to understand in spite of the fact that all of its content words are ambiguous suggests that ambiguity is unlikely to invoke special resource-demanding processing mechanisms but rather is handled as a byproduct of normal comprehension. Second, there are a number of ways in which a word can be ambiguous. The word plane, for example, has several noun meanings, and it can also be used as a verb. The word twisted could be an adjective and is also morphologically ambiguous between the past tense and participial forms of the verb to twist. (Patrizia Tabossi, Semantic Effects on Syntactic Ambiguity Resolution in Attention and Performance XV, edited by C. Umiltà   and M. Moscovitch) Processing Words Depending on the relationship among the alternative meanings available for a particular word form, lexical ambiguity has been categorized as either polysemous, when meanings are related, or homonymous, when unrelated. Although ambiguity is graded, for words that are at one or the other end of this spectrum and thus are easy to classify, polysemy and homonymy have been shown to have differing effects on reading behaviors. Whereas related meanings have been shown to facilitate word recognition, unrelated meanings have been found to slow processing times ... (Chia-lin Lee and Kara D. Federmeier, In a Word: ERPs Reveal Important Lexical Variables for Visual Word Processing in The Handbook of the Neuropsychology of Language, edited by Miriam Faust)

Fast Food Should Not Be Sold in Schools Free Essays

Byamba Mr. Cahill ENG 101 STLCC 11 October 2012 Fast food should not be sold in schools Fast food is a breakfast, lunch or dinner choice for many people on a daily basis. It is used as an option to save time, or to satisfy taste and portions. We will write a custom essay sample on Fast Food Should Not Be Sold in Schools or any similar topic only for you Order Now But, what about the health consequences? People know that fast food is not synonymous with healthy living, but many forget this thought process when they are at the counter. Unfortunately, eating fast food on a daily basis does have an adverse effect on children’s health, such as obesity and lack of nutrients. Therefore, fast food should not be sold in schools. Obesity surpasses smoking in healthcare costs and impact on chronic illness and is on the rise in every country in the world. It is spurred on by thousands of years of evolution that have crafted humans into beings that seek out sugar, fat and calories and is caused by a toxic food environment that offers up food as never before. The most startling victims are children. The food industry is granted free and free access to children. Every day, one-third of American children and youth eat fast food, and it contributes to close to one-fifth of their entire diets, according to research reported by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation website. An article in Rolling Stone magazine states that 96 % of U. S. schoolchildren can identify Ronald McDonald; topped only by Santa Claus who is more widely recognized. This familiarity represents just how ingrained fast food is in the U. S. psyche. Early concern about childhood obesity centered on its role in the predicting adult obesity and hence adult diseases. The author of a book â€Å"Food fight† said seventy percent of obese children become obese adult; obesity in children is related to risk for disease as much as fifty years later. He also mentions that clustering of risk factors for heart disease known as insulin resistance syndrome, now identified in children as young as five years old. Children may be at risk for high blood pressure when eating salty junk food such as potato chips, French fries, pretzels, pizza and burritos. Junk food can lead to nutritional deficiencies when children eat it. Fast-food menus are big on too much protein, fat, sodium and sugar, which displace many of the beneficial nutrients that children need for health every day, including fiber. Dietary fiber is found in fruits, vegetables and grains, with only small amounts retained in refined grains, or white rice and white flour. Burgers, sandwiches, and breading for fried food incorporate refined white flour buns, rolls and bread crumbs. French-fried potatoes provide adequate fiber but too much fat and sodium. Common vegetable ingredients such as tomatoes and onions represent the low end of the fiber scale. Low fiber intake is linked with greater incidence of cancer, heart disease and constipation. In one sentence, eating fast food meals regularly may mean that you fail to meet your body’s requirement of eating 2 to 2 1/2 cups of fruits and vegetables and 3 cups of dairy. Vegetables and fruits give you vitamins and minerals, while dairy provides you with calcium and protein. Some people think that there is nothing wrong with selling fast food in schools. They say it is convenient, cheap and tasty. Convenience foods, or foods that require no preparation or traditional cooking by busy mothers trying to juggle a full time job with looking after a family are equally as unhealthy and unwholesome as the burgers and pizzas you get from fast food outlets. Foods that are processed and made into what can best be described as ready meals often contain few in any nutritional ingredients. They are bulked out with pasta, breadcrumbs, corn flour, processed potato, processed egg and milk products as well as hydrogenated vegetable oil, saturated fats, gums, sugar substitutes etc. and then made to taste good by the addition of herbs and spices, salt, monosodium glutamate and sugars. They also contain artificial colours and preservatives as well as some artificial flavorings just to complete the unhealthy package. Some people may think the dollar menu is cheap, but it isn’t cheaper to eat highly processed food: a typical order for a family of four, for example, two Big Macs, a cheeseburge r, six chicken McNuggets, two medium and two small fries, and two medium and two small sodas — costs about $28 at the McDonald’s. People can serve a roasted chicken with vegetables along with a simple salad and milk for about $14, and feed four people. If that’s too much money, substitute a meal of rice and canned beans with bacon, green peppers and onions; it’s easily enough for four people and costs about $9. In addition, eating fast food causes to increase obesity which leads to cost lots of money. Overweight individuals have 36 percent higher inpatient and outpatient and 77 percent higher medication costs. Food Fight, p45) It increases risk for many serious diseases, can be disabling, and has a very negative impact on the quality of person’s life. Also, fast food is a waste of money because you are buying a lot of calories, fat and sodium but getting very little nutrition in return. Apparently some people get addicted to the taste of popular fast food because it contains just the right mixture of fat, sugar and salt to set off the pleasure chemicals in the brain. Experiments carried out on lab rats showed that when they were fed a diet that consisted of 25% sugar and then the sugar is removed, the rats become anxious, their teeth start to chatter and they suffer with the shakes – not unlike people going through a nicotine or morphine withdrawal. (The New York Times, 2011)The researchers also noticed long lasting changes in brain chemistry of rats fed with foods that had a combination of sweet, salt and fat in, which led them to conclude that there was a possibility that people too could see brain changes and become physically addicted to eating fast food. Another article on The Washington Post states that: â€Å"Highly palatable† foods — those containing fat, sugar and salt — stimulate the brain to release dopamine, the neurotransmitter associated with the pleasure center, he found. In time, the brain gets wired so that dopamine pathways light up at the mere suggestion of the food, such as driving past a fast-food restaurant, and the urge to eat the food grows insistent. Once the food is eaten, the brain releases opioids, which bring emotional relief. Together, dopamine and opioids create a pathway that can activate every time a person is reminded about the particular food. This happens regardless of whether the person is hungry. (The Washington Post, April 27, 2009) Eating fast food once in a while, that is once or twice a month won’t matter at all, but having a habit of eating this kind of food can lead to serious consequences. The absence of healthy food alternatives is one of the factors leading to an alarming increase in childhood obesity rates across the United States. Schools would like to protect children instead must sell soft drinks and snack foods to function. For example, the cafeterias in the schools should offer to school children less bacon and more broccoli, fewer hot dogs and more whole grains, less ice cream and more fruits, less sodas and more water. This does not imply that children should never touch bacon, hot dogs, sodas, or ice cream, ut rather that changing the balance of some foods relative to others is a means of improving America’s health. Today, nearly one-third of children and teens are overweight or obese. Growing evidence suggests that strong, far-reaching changes—those that make healthy foods available in schools are working to reduce childhood obesity rates. Asking children to avoid fast food is like asking them to save money for retirement. Instead, we can bala nce it by limiting fast food consumption in schools. How to cite Fast Food Should Not Be Sold in Schools, Essays

Corporate Social Responsibility Approaches-Samples for Students

Question: Briefly define CSR with reference to its purpose. To what extent should ethics be the basis of CSR decisions? Answer: Introduction: Corporate social responsibility has emerged as a priority that is inescapable for business leaders in every country. It is an approach contributing to sustainable development by providing social, environmental and economic profit to all stakeholders. Activities involved in social responsibility are a platform of innovation, prospect and competitive advantage. For this purpose, corporations are required to use the framework guiding core business activities for analyzing the social responsibility prospects. The current corporate social responsibility approaches are disconnected in the sense that greatest opportunities for providing benefit to society is uncertain (Hansen et al., 2016). Companies considered factor of being socially responsible after they were surprised of public issues being a part of business responsibilities. Enlightened self-interest is appealed by sustainability principles that invoke the foundation line of social, economic and environmental performance. Discussion: Ethics of business incorporates responsibilities that are within cultural, environmental and social structure of communities along with the factors inside workplace. In many areas, ethical responsibilities have exemplified through acceptable standards of social practice of company. The operations of company might have impact on environmental, social and financial aspects of society that are mainly regarded as ethical issues as it involves obligations and responsibilities to all stakeholders along with environment and society. Environmental issues such as property rights, liability and negligence and basic ethical concepts such as responsibilities and rights influence businesses (Wood Logsdon, 2016). Ethics is regarded as one of corporate social responsibility approaches, which focuses on ethical aspects rather than generating the profits from engaging in socially responsible activities. It is believed by the supported of ethical approach to CSR that organization should engage in such activities as it is considered as morally right thing to do. Moral consideration is one of the issues that take precedence over factor of companys interest in an event of conflict between narrow economic interest of company and moral considerations. The ethical approach to corporate social responsibility necessities that company for some moral reasons accepts potential loss for profit. The reason is attributable to the fact that sometimes the demands for profits are overridden by ethical demands such as interest concerns. As per Utilitarianism theory, interests of all stakeholders is taken into account by company indicates that they should consider the interest of groups such as local community as i mportant as faraway strangers (Mason Simmons, 2014). The core process of organization integrates corporate social responsibility factor and it is argued that resource dependency theory of firm form the basis of CSR. Business case approach to social responsibility leads to creation of opportunism that will favor the most profitable cases of CSR. Factor that are considered profitable are regarded as ethically desirable on part of CSR. A severe ethical detachment and ethical complacency risk might be created by business case model that leads to deficiency in CSR direction. CSR should be included in broader terms in decision making of company due to increasing public debate and globalization. Market dynamics of competitors helps in determining the success strategy of the social responsibility (Shaukat et al., 2016). Such approach help in embedding the social responsibility factor into entire business process so that related issues are triggered to all level in organization and people act and communicate on the same. Changing the mindset of corporate will help in initiating CSR activities on part of employees and acts in a more responsible way and creating long-term benefits for organization (Christensen et al., 2014). Business case approach can be regarded as self-determination theory that can be used to motivate people within organization who are skeptical about CSR. Furthermore, organization should take efforts to legitimize using instrumental arguments for increasing corporate profits. However, there are inherent limitations to approach of business case CSR because it leaves institutional blockades and results in opportunism because of social issue agenda. It is essential for organization to make the combination of orientation and economic constraints towards collective and individual moral values and integration of such values in decision-making process of organization (Porter Kramer, 2006). The article provides with the implication of stage model of CSR and the last stage of the model emphasize on addressing the moral foundations of social responsibility. With the evolvement of social standards and progressing of science, the force of operations of company on society changes over time. Difference in competitive positioning in any industry is attributable to different cut of social issues. Issues relating to corporate social responsibility can be important for business locations and units that offer opportunities for undertaking CSR initiatives. Apart from strong leadership, integrating of business with social requirements requires good intention. For prioritization and identification of social issues, some companies have engaged operation management into the process. The management of CSR efforts incorporates philanthropy and has embedded social responsibility into social dimension. If the corporate philanthropy were embedded in the efforts of social responsibility, it would help business in generating profit if consistent investment is made using the socially responsible principle. Strategic CSR is considered as far more effective that helps in addressing the social harm created by business activities (Schrempf et al., 2016). Social issues that affect the performance of company is categorized into standard social issues, social impacts of value chain and social dimensions of concepts that are competitive in nature. Business will be required to think in a dynamic way for perceiving social responsibility. Creation of shared values will help in addressing social issues as it will help in brining self sustaining solutions that are independent of government or private subsidies. Organization can create positive influence on society in the form of purchasing of goods and capital investment (Nijhof Jeurissen, 2010). Increased awareness of social issues would result in boarder level of employee engagement and considering environmental care as crucial part of their working life. There are some ethical challenges confronted that business leaders confronts when revising and constructing policy of CSR. In this regard, companies face dilemma whether they focus actively doing right things or they should focus on avoiding harmful actions. Economic and social values are created within organizations using powerful tools such as addressing of constraints to social competitiveness and pioneering innovations of value chain (Hansen et al., 2014). Conclusion: Ethics is not regarded as matter of choice that is to be exercised by company and top management cannot preach it. The basis of ethical organizations is leadership and ethical decision-making. In order to make progress in area of CSR, workforce group should be willing to commence change on social front. Analysis of article depicts that exits paradox between mechanisms for removing institutional blockades and development of CSR framework on intrinsic employee motivation. Organization that works in a competitive environment has the prerequisite of paying attention to economic constraints. In order to embed CSR into the corporate framework, economic constraints should be combined with ethical and moral values. It has been ascertained from the analysis of article that organization that uses business case approach on CSR front will help in addressing a range of broad social and ethical issues faced by company. Strategic CSR employed by companies go beyond the mitigation of value chain imp acts and corporate citizenship. Therefore, strategic CSR will help in monitoring environmental and social consequences of activities. References list: Christensen, L. J., Mackey, A., Whetten, D. (2014). Taking responsibility for corporate social responsibility: The role of leaders in creating, implementing, sustaining, or avoiding socially responsible firm behaviors.The Academy of Management Perspectives,28(2), 164-178. Hansen, S. D., Dunford, B. B., Alge, B. J., Jackson, C. L. (2016). Corporate social responsibility, ethical leadership, and trust propensity: A multi-experience model of perceived ethical climate.Journal of Business Ethics,137(4), 649-662. Herrera, M. E. B. (2015). Creating competitive advantage by institutionalizing corporate social innovation.Journal of Business Research,68(7), 1468-1474. Huang, C. C., Yen, S. W., Liu, C. Y., Huang, P. C. (2014). The relationship among corporate social responsibility, service quality, corporate image and purchase intention.International Journal of Organizational Innovation (Online),6(3), 68. Mason, C., Simmons, J. (2014). Embedding corporate social responsibility in corporate governance: A stakeholder systems approach.Journal of Business Ethics,119(1), 77-86. Nijhof, A. H., Jeurissen, R. J. (2010). The glass ceiling of corporate social responsibility: Consequences of a business case approach towards CSR.International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy,30(11/12), 618-631. Porter, M. E., Kramer, M. R. (2006). Strategy and society: the link between corporate social responsibility and competitive advantage.Harvard business review,84(12), 78-92. Schrempf-Stirling, J., Palazzo, G., Phillips, R. A. (2016). Historic corporate social responsibility.Academy of Management Review,41(4), 700-719. Shaukat, A., Qiu, Y., Trojanowski, G. (2016). Board attributes, corporate social responsibility strategy, and corporate environmental and social performance.Journal of Business Ethics,135(3), 569-585. Wood, D. J., Logsdon, J. M. (2016). Social issues in management as a distinct field: Corporate social responsibility and performance.Business Society, 0007650316680041.